PSD2 Definition.

Directive (EU) 2015/2366 on payment services, applicable since January 2018: mandatory strong customer authentication (the SCA RTS, rolled out across e-commerce in 2021), access to accounts for third parties via APIs (AISP/PISP), a ban on surcharging consumer cards, and a cap on payer liability. It made open banking a regulatory obligation rather than a commercial choice.

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